Bourbon Restoration, (1814–30) in France, the period that began when Napoleon I abdicated and the Bourbon monarchs were restored to the throne. However, the French troops marched into Spain, retook Madrid from the rebels, and left almost as quickly as they came. The First Restoration occurred when Napoleon fell from power and Louis XVIII became king. The 17-strong liberal bloc of 1824 grew to 180 in 1827 and 274 in 1830. It is traditionally regarded as a rising of the bourgeoisie against the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons. A more tangible source of antagonism was the pressure applied to possessors of biens nationaux by the Catholic Church and returning émigrés attempting to repossess their former lands.On February 26, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte escaped his island prison of Elba and embarked for France. These demonstrations reached a climax when on May 15, 1848, workers from the secret societies broke out in armed uprising against the anti-labor and anti-democratic policies being pursued by the Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Government. Charles X was deposed and replaced by King Louis-Philippe in the July Revolution. History at your fingertips
Karl Marx, who was living in Paris at the time, was at risk so he moved to London in August.The government sought ways to balance its budget and reduce its debts. Louis responded with the Charter of 1814, which included many progressive provisions: freedom of religion, a legislature composed of the Chamber of Deputies, and the Chamber of Peers, a press that would enjoy a degree of freedom, and a provision that the Louis XVIII signed the Treaty of Paris on May 30, 1814. However, the majority of these were veiled attempts to shore up the power and influence of the government and the bourgeoisie, rather than legitimate attempts to promote equality and empowerment for a broad constituency of the French population. Talleyrand tendered his resignation on September 20. He had so often, while in prison or in exile, chastised previous oligarchical governments for neglecting social questions that it was imperative France now prioritize their solutions. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon, and other French cities. The elections of deputies on May 16, 1830, had gone very badly for King Charles X.
Meanwhile, the fallen Napoleon III went into exile in England where he died in 1873.The structure of the French government during the Second Empire was little changed from the First. Indeed, Louis-Phillippe and his ministers adhered to policies that seemed to promote the central tenets of the constitution. The king promised to follow the “juste milieu”, or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of the conservative supporters of Charles X and radicals on the left. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.There is still considerable debate among historians as to the actual cause of the downfall of Charles X. The White Terror claimed 300 victims.The king was reluctant to shed blood, which greatly irritated the ultra-reactionary Chamber of Deputies, who felt that Louis XVIII was not executing enough people.
Louis-Napoleon declared that a new constitution was being framed and said he intended to restore a “system established by the First Consul.” He thus declared himself President for Life, and in 1852, Emperor of France, Napoleon III.France was ruled by Emperor Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870.
Leaders were arrested, including prominent politicians.
Omnibuses were turned into barricades, and thousands of trees were felled. His regime assisted Italian unification and in doing so, annexed Savoy and the County of Nice to France; at the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. That same day, Louis XVIII quit the capital with a small escort at midnight. In Europe, however, Napoleon failed again and again. In only a day and a night, over 4,000 barricades had been thrown up throughout the city. Louis XVIII deplored such illegal acts, but vehemently supported the prosecution of marshals that helped Napoleon in the Hundred Days. As the country underwent a Christian revival in the post-Revolutionary years, the Ultras saw fit to raise the status of the Roman Catholic Church once more.On May 29, 1825, Charles was crowned in Reims in an opulent and spectacular ceremony that was reminiscent of the royal pomp of the coronations of the Ancien Régime.
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