Uterus is small with a few shelled eggs.2 suckers without hooks; oral sucker around the mouth and ventral sucker or acetabulum.No vagina. Direct in free living forms.Majority of them are colorless, some derive color from the ingested food, while some are free living forms are brown grey black or brilliantly colored.They have a clearly differentiated head situated anteriorly and delicate posterior end. Phylum Platyhelminthes has following characteristic features: (1) Free-living, commensal or parasitic forms. They are clearly defined dorsal and ventral surfaces.The exoskeleton and endoskeleton are absent and hard parts if any such as hooks, teeth etc. are formed of scleroproteins.On the basis of habitat and segmentation / digestive tract and habitat/ Hook and sucker, they are classified into 3 types:Digestive system consists: mouth pharynx and intestine. Tango, chemo, and photoreceptors common in free-living forms.Ventral mouth; no muscular pharynx and no intestine.No flame cells, definite gonads, gonoducts, and yolk glands.Mostly free-living, found under stones or bottom mud, algae, some live in the intestine of sea-urchins and sea-cucumbers.Small (less than 3mm) freshwater, marine, and terrestrial form.Simple pharynx and sac-like intestine without diverticula.The reproductive system comprises few compact gonads, gonoducts and a cuticularized structure instead of penis papilla present. They are advanced diploblastic or lower triploblastic, acoelomate and bilaterally symmetrical metazoan. Flatworms have no body cavity other than the gut (and the smallest free-living forms may even lack that!) well-developed ventral surface with mouth and gonopore.Their body generally shapes as a worm but varies from moderately elongated flattened to long ribbon-like and leaf-like.They are small to moderate in size varying from microscopic to extremely elongated form measuring up to 10-15 meters.The majority of them are white, colorless and some derive color from ingested food while free-living form are grey, brown-black or brilliantly colored.Their anterior end of the body is differentiated into the head.Mouth and genital pores on the ventral surface are well marked in turbellarians but less marked in cestodes and trematodes.Their parasitic form has adhesive structures like hooks, spines and suckers, and adhesive secretions.The body is covered with cellular or syncytial, frequently ciliated epidermis; while trematodes cestodes, lacks epidermis and their body covered with cuticle.Exo- and endoskeleton are completely absent, hence the body is generally soft. 2,257 4 4 gold badges 16 16 silver badges 39 39 bronze badges. Space between body wall and internal organs is filled up with parenchyma.Digestive system is incomplete without anus or absent in few parasitic form.
Jellyfish, comb jellies, corals and sea anemones are the examples of diploblastic animals.Triploblastic organisms form all three primary germ layers – endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm – during the gastrulation of the blastula. Step 1. The uterus usually long with many shelled eggs.The life cycle complicated involving many larval stages.Larval forms reproduce asexually before metamorphosis.Large ventral suckers subdivided into several suckers without hooks.Body without epidermis and cilia but covered with cuticle.Anterior end (scolex) is provided with adhesive structures The nervous system usually comprises a pair of ganglia and 2 lateral longitudinal nerve cords.Each mature segment or proglottids monoecious, with male and female organs.Life cycle complicates usually involving 2 or more hosts.Endoparasitic in the coelom or intestine of vertebrates.Body unsegmented, leaf-like without scolex and strobila Only one set of the monoecious reproductive system.The uterus is very much coiled opening near the anterior end.An anterior sucker and a posterior rosette-shaped adhesive organ present.Uterine, male and vaginal pores are together situated in the anterior half of the body.The body is divided into scolex, neck, and strobila with many proglottids (Mostly with several sets of monoecious reproductive organs.Endoparasitic forms; exclusively in the intestine of elasmobranch fishes.Parasitic in the spiral valve of the digestive tract of elasmobranch fishes.Scolex with 4 bothria and 4 protrusible spiny proboscides.Vitellaria in cortical parenchyma placed in a continuous layer.Parasitic in the intestine of teleost fishes and terrestrial vertebrates.Scolex with 2 to 6 shallow bothria (Suckers) rarely without adhesive organs.Bilobed ovary, testes numerous, follicular and scattered in the mesenchyma of proglottids.Parasitic in the intestine of reptiles, birds, and mammals.The excretory system consists of 4 longitudinal vessels.Jordan EL and Verma PS. In vertebrates, three germ layers can be generally identified in the gastrula; they are endoderm, mesoderm and the ectoderm. Also found in cattle, dog and pig and rarely in man.Liver may cease to work due to the presence of adult flukes. both male and female gonads are present in same individual.Located between the two suckers is a single mid-ventral genital pore or gonopore.Male reproductive system consists of two testes, one pair of vas deferens (sperm ducts), a seminal vesicle and a muscular penis called cirrus.Female reproductive system consists of an ovary, an ovidut, vitelline glands, Mehli’s or shell glands, vitelline ducts, Vitelline or yolk reservoir, ootype uterus, metaterm and female genital pore situated in the right half of the body.Ootype is surrounded by Mehil’s gland or shell gland; secretion of which lubricates the passage and hardens the egg.Life cycle is digenetic- sheep or goat as its primary host and snail as secondary host.Fasciola is harmless to snail but is pathogenic in vertebrate hosts including man.Miracidium Sporocysts Redia Cercaria Metacercaria They exhibit bilateral symmetry. Main excretory products are ammonia, fatty acids and COSensory organ are well defined in free living forms than in parasitic forms.Liver fluke is a leaf like which is found in liver and bile ducts of sheep and goat as endo-parasite.
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